Story maps
故事地圖

New challenges in HIV treatment 治療愛滋新挑戰

(added on 2019/11/26)

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively suppress the viral load of people living with HIV (PLHIV) for preventing ongoing transmission, recover their immunity and extend their life expectancy. By age progression, metabolic complications among them becomes more common nowadays.

The graduated color map shows the distribution of ART coverage in 2018. Many places achieved a high ART coverage after efforts input over the years.

To understand more about metabolic complications among PLHIV, literatures cited in two review articles about the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in PLHIV were selected, after the exclusion of study with HCV co-infection. The prevalence is presented on the map as circle of different sizes. In general, NAFLD in PLHIV ranges between 28% and 50%. By now, only a few related studies have been conducted. Because of its increasing significance, more studies are expected to be conducted in the near future.

Data for the maps were extracted from UNAIDS and publications.

抗逆轉錄病毒療法除了能有效壓制被治療感染者的愛滋病病毒(HIV)載量以防傳播病毒，還能使感染者恢復免疫力及延長壽命。隨著這些感染者年齡增長，代謝相關併發症也越來越普遍。

漸變色地圖顯示2018年抗逆轉錄病毒療法的覆蓋率的分佈。可以看到經多年各地方的努力，很多地方都能達致高治療覆蓋率。

為了解HIV感染者的代謝相關併發症，我們從兩篇評論性文獻選出HIV感染者的非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)發病率研究文獻(合併丙型肝炎研究除外)，並在地圖上以圓點大小代表HIV感染者的NAFLD發病率。一般的NAFLD發病率在28%至50%之間。截至現在只有少量相關研究。基於其重要性，期望未來會有更多相關研究。

地圖資料源自聯合國愛滋病規劃署及已刊載文獻。

HIV infection 人類免疫力缺乏病毒感染

What is HIV/ AIDS? 什麼是人類免疫力缺乏病毒感染/愛滋病?

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function. In the early stages of infection, there is no symptom. As HIV infection progresses, the immune system becomes weaker, thereby increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the absence of treatment, 50% of the infected individuals progress to AIDS. The use of antiretroviral drugs can reverse the immune deficiency.
人類免疫力缺乏病毒(HIV)是一種感染人類免疫細胞，從而破壞人體免疫系統的反轉病毒。在感染初期，患者可以完全沒有任何病癥。但在感染後期，患者的免疫力會被削弱，容易被其它機會性感染影響。
愛滋病(後天免疫力缺乏症候群) 是人類免疫力缺乏病毒感染的後期嚴重階段。在沒有接受治療的情況下，平均一半感染者在十年內發病，成為愛滋病患者。抗病毒藥物治療可以有效恢復患者免疫能力。

How does HIV spread? 如何傳播？

HIV is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse (heterosexuals and homosexuals), transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, sharing of contaminated needles in injection drug users, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
HIV的傳播途徑包括不安全性接觸 (異性及同性) ，輸入受污染血液或血制品、靜脈吸毒者共用針筒、和母嬰傳播（懷孕、分娩、和哺乳期間）。

Vaccine? Prevention? 如何預防？

A safe and effective vaccine is still under development. The practice of safer sex with the use of condom is one most effective means of preventing HIV infection through sex. Avoidance of needle sharing is important in injection drug users, whereas antiretroviral treatment can be effective in preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission.
預防疫苗至今仍在研究中。現時最有效的預防性傳播方法是採用安全性行為，包括使用安全套。吸毒者應避免共同使用針具，而抗病毒藥物則可以有效預防母嬰傳播。