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故事地圖
Rubella journeying through Japan 2018 德國痲疹的日本之旅 2018
In 2018, Japan experienced an outbreak of rubella, which caused concerns of travelers as places like Tokyo are hot destinations for holidays. The reported number of rubella cases was 1884 from 1st January 2018 to 4th November 2018, according to the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan. Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Saitama had the highest number of reported cases in 2018.
The map shows the spatial distribution of rubella by subtype in 31 prefectures in Japan. About 30% (554/1884) of reported cases were included in the infectious agents surveillance. Different subtypes were identified, including 1a, 1E 2B and other subtypes, implying that transmission has occurred from multiple sources. The recent outbreak might have resulted from a low rubella vaccination coverage in the country. Vaccination is by far the most effective way to fight rubella.
The map data were obtained from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
2018年日本的德國痲疹爆發引起外界關注，因為爆發地方如東京是旅遊人士的度假熱門目的地。根據日本國立傳染病研究所的數據，日本從2018年1月1日到2018年11月4日有1884宗德國痲疹報告個案。其中以千葉、東京、神奈川和埼玉的報告病例數最多。
地圖上顯示31個行政區的德國痲疹亞型個案的空間分佈。 大約三成(554/1884)的報告個案被包括在傳染病監測系統中。 樣本當中發現不同亞型，包括1a、1E、2B及其他類型，意味著多個傳播源頭。最近德國痲疹爆發可能與日本當地低德國痲疹疫苗覆蓋率有關。接種疫苗是預防感染德國痲疹最有效的方法。
地圖資料源自日本國立傳染病研究所。
Related Article
Rubella 德國痲疹
What is rubella?
Rubella is a highly infectious disease caused by the rubella virus infection. The incubation period usually ranges from 12 to 23 days.
Infected persons initially present with cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose, sneezing and cough. Other early symptoms include fever and rash. The rash usually lasts for about three days, but some patients may not have a rash. Infected adult women are more likely to experience arthralgia or arthritis. Infected pregnant women can affect the development of the fetus. An infant may develop congenital rubella syndrome if their mother was infected with rubella during the first three months of pregnancy.
How does it spread?
Rubella virus can be spread by droplets or direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected persons. An infected person can be infectious from one week before until one week after rash onset.
Vaccine? Prevention?
There is no specific treatment for rubella, but vaccination is an effective way to prevent infection. Rubella vaccines are commonly available as a combined vaccine with measles and mumps (MMR), and could be combined with varicella (MMRV). Children should follow the recommended schedule of local childhood immunization programme. Pregnant women should not be vaccinated because it affects the fetus. It is recommended to be vaccinated before pregnancy.
什麼是德國痲疹?
德國痲疹是由德國痲疹病毒引致的疾病，具高度傳染性，潛伏期一般為12至23天。
患者初時會有與類似傷風的病徵，如流鼻水、打噴嚏及咳嗽，其他感染初發病徵則有發燒和出疹。出疹的情況通常維持約3天，但有些患者可能沒有這個病徵。染上德國痲疹的成年女性會更容易出現關節痛或關節炎。孕婦感染德國痲疹會影響胎兒的發育。?如孕婦在懷孕頭三個月感染德國痲疹，出生嬰兒可能會因此出現先天性德國痲疹綜合症。
如何傳播?
德國痲疹病毒可經患者的飛沫傳播或直接接觸病人的鼻喉分泌物。患者在出疹前後一星期有傳染性。
如何預防?
現時並沒有特效藥物治療德國痲疹，但接種疫苗可有效預防感染。 德國痲疹疫苗通常混合麻疹和腮腺炎疫苗（MMR），甚至水痘（MMRV）注射。兒童應根據當地的免疫接種計劃時間表接種疫苗。此外，為避免對胎兒做成影響，孕婦在懷孕期間不可以接種疫苗。建議孕婦在懷孕前接種疫苗。
Related maps 相關地圖
Other resources 其他資訊
Organisations 相關機構